Leopard 2 vs T-90M in Ukraine: Which Tank Dominates the Battlefield in 2025?
Image description:Leopard 2A7 Germany Main Battle Tank
The conflict in Ukraine has transformed into a testing ground for modern main battle tanks. Among the most watched face-offs is the one between Germany’s Leopard 2 and Russia’s T-90M. As of 2025, both tanks have seen real combat action and their performances have been meticulously observed by military analysts around the world.
Background: Leopard 2 and T-90M
The Leopard 2 is Germany’s premier battle tank, with variants like the Leopard 2A6 and 2A7 designed for survivability and superior firepower. On the other side, Russia’s T-90M "Proryv" is the latest and most advanced derivative of the T-72 platform, featuring a modernized fire control system and improved armor.
Why the Leopard 2 Was Sent to Ukraine
Germany initially hesitated to send its main battle tanks to Ukraine, but mounting pressure from NATO allies led to the deployment of Leopard 2 units in early 2023. By 2025, these tanks have become integral to Ukraine’s armored strategy. For a detailed analysis, read our Leopard 2A7 feature article.
On the Battlefield: Head-to-Head Engagements
Several documented clashes between Leopard 2s and T-90Ms occurred during Ukraine's 2024 counteroffensive. Reports indicate that while both tanks possess advanced targeting systems, the Leopard 2 often had an edge in survivability, thanks to its composite armor and crew protection features.
Firepower Comparison
- Leopard 2: 120mm Rheinmetall L/55 smoothbore gun, capable of firing APFSDS and programmable rounds.
- T-90M: 125mm 2A46M-5 smoothbore gun, capable of launching ATGMs (anti-tank guided missiles).
In terms of versatility, the T-90M’s ability to fire ATGMs provides more tactical flexibility, but the Leopard’s accuracy and fire control system often proves superior in NATO reports.
Protection and Survivability
Protection is where Leopard 2 shines. Its modular armor and upgraded defensive suites, including Trophy-style APS in some configurations, make it highly resistant to modern anti-tank threats. The T-90M features Relikt ERA and a soft-kill active protection system, but battlefield footage shows it remains vulnerable to Western-made ATGMs like Javelin and NLAW.
Mobility and Logistics
While the Leopard 2 is heavier (around 62 tons), it compensates with powerful MTU engines and excellent off-road capability. The T-90M is lighter (around 48 tons), making it more mobile in constrained terrain, especially during Russia’s defensive operations in eastern Ukraine.
Operational Effectiveness in Ukraine
Ukraine has deployed the Leopard 2 mostly in armored brigades tasked with breaching Russian lines, whereas the T-90M is frequently seen reinforcing Russian strongholds and countering Ukrainian mechanized pushes. Combat data from early 2025 suggests Leopard 2s have a higher survival rate post-engagement, although they require intensive logistics support and trained crews.
Cost Comparison
- Leopard 2: Approx. $8–10 million/unit (2025 upgrade variants)
- T-90M: Approx. $4.5–5 million/unit
Despite being more expensive, Leopard 2s offer better battlefield resilience, which justifies the cost for NATO-aligned forces.
Expert Opinions
“The Leopard 2 gives Ukrainian forces a technological edge, but it’s the crew training and integration with NATO tactics that truly unlocks its potential.” – Defense Analyst, Berlin Institute for Strategic Studies.
Conclusion: Which Tank Wins?
There’s no definitive winner, but the Leopard 2 has demonstrated greater battlefield survivability and crew protection. The T-90M, while deadly and agile, continues to suffer from logistic issues and doctrinal rigidity. In the ongoing Ukraine war, terrain, tactics, and support often determine which tank prevails.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Is the Leopard 2 better than the T-90M?
In most NATO assessments, the Leopard 2 outperforms the T-90M in protection and fire control, though the T-90M is cheaper and more mobile.
How many Leopard 2 tanks are in Ukraine?
As of 2025, Ukraine has received over 100 Leopard 2 tanks from various NATO countries.
Are T-90Ms effective in urban combat?
The T-90M's compact size and missile capability make it useful in urban warfare, though it remains vulnerable to top-attack munitions.
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