AV-8B Harrier II: V/STOL Fighter for Marine and Naval Use

Daftar Isi

AV-8B Harrier II VTOL close support aircraft

The AV-8B Harrier II represents the second generation of vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) aircraft, developed primarily for the United States Marine Corps (USMC). Entering operational service in 1984, the Harrier II gained prominence during its extensive use in the 1991 Gulf War, showcasing its unique ability to operate from amphibious assault ships and forward-deployed locations without the need for traditional runways.

AV-8B Harrier II Specifications

General Information
Entered Service	1984
Crew	1 man
Dimensions and Weight
Length	14.12 m
Wingspan	9.25 m
Empty Weight	6.3 t
Max Takeoff Weight	14 t
Engines and Performance
Engine	1 × Rolls-Royce F402-RR-408 (Pegasus 11-61) turbofan
Thrust	105.87 kN
Maximum Speed	1,065 km/h
Combat Radius	167 km
Armament
Cannon	1 × GAU-12A 25-mm cannon with 300 rounds
Missiles	AGM-65 Maverick, AIM-9L/M Sidewinder
Bombs	Mk 80 series, Mk 20 Rockeye cluster bombs
Other	Rocket pods

Harrier II in Marine Corps Operations

The AV-8B Harrier II plays a central role in USMC aviation, equipping seven active squadrons. Known for its flexibility and ability to deploy in austere conditions, the Harrier II continues to serve as a critical asset for close air support, reconnaissance, and interdiction missions.

This aircraft is routinely deployed aboard amphibious assault ships, offering unmatched tactical air support for Marine Expeditionary Units. Its vertical takeoff and landing capabilities allow it to operate from forward bases and confined environments, providing rapid response options in dynamic combat scenarios.

Upgrades and Avionics Enhancements

The AV-8B fleet has undergone a series of modernization initiatives to enhance its combat readiness and extend its operational life. These efforts include:

Baseline Avionics Upgrades

Two major avionics upgrade programs improved the original Harrier II design. These updates included advanced communications systems, improved mission planning tools, and enhanced navigational aids.

Night-Attack Configuration

Four of the AV-8B squadrons received night-attack sensor upgrades, allowing pilots to conduct missions in low-light or nighttime conditions with increased accuracy and situational awareness. This included:

• Night vision goggle (NVG)-compatible cockpits
• Navigation infrared (NAVFLIR) systems
• Upgraded exterior lighting
• Moving-map displays for enhanced navigation

Harrier II Plus: Radar and Engine Enhancements

The AV-8B Harrier II+, the most advanced version of the aircraft, integrates both night-attack capabilities and the APG-65 multi-mode radar, borrowed from the F/A-18 Hornet. This version equips two Marine squadrons and provides enhanced air-to-air and air-to-ground targeting capabilities.

Re-manufacture Program and Engine Upgrade

To further increase combat effectiveness and longevity, the U.S. initiated a re-manufacturing program for 72 Harrier II aircraft. Key upgrades included:

• Replacement of the original F402-RR-406 Pegasus engine with the more powerful F402-RR-408A
• Integration of the APG-65 radar system
• Installation of GPS navigation
• Addition of the common missile warning system (CMWS)
• Integration of frequency-agile digital radios
• Compatibility with the Advanced Target Hand-off System (ATHS)
• Capability to deploy Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAMs)

These enhancements collectively bring the Harrier II closer to modern combat aircraft standards.

AV-8B Trainer Variant: TAV-8B

The TAV-8B is the two-seat trainer version of the Harrier II used for pilot instruction and mission training. It also received the upgraded F402-RR-408A engine, ensuring that trainee pilots can experience performance consistent with front-line combat aircraft.

International Operators of the AV-8B Harrier II

Spain: EAV-8B and AV-8B Plus Operations

The Spanish Navy (Armada Española) became the first foreign operator of the Harrier II. Their fleet included:

• 12 EAV-8B Harrier IIs
• 8 AV-8B Harrier II Plus fighters
• 1 EV-8B two-seat trainer

These aircraft operate primarily from the aircraft carrier Príncipe de Asturias. The remaining nine EAV-8Bs are currently undergoing conversion to the Plus standard, aligning them with the U.S. Marine Corps' configuration.

Italy: AV-8B Plus on Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italy’s Marina Militare also invested in the Harrier II program, acquiring 18 AV-8B Harrier II Plus aircraft, including two two-seater variants. These fighters operate from the aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi and provide fleet air defense and strike capabilities for naval operations.

Missile Armament and Multirole Capability

Both Spanish and Italian Harrier II fleets have been upgraded to support the AIM-120B AMRAAM (Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile), significantly enhancing their beyond-visual-range (BVR) air combat potential. This addition transforms the Harrier II into a credible multirole fighter, capable of both air superiority and ground-attack missions.

The Future of the AV-8B Harrier II

While the F-35B Lightning II is expected to replace the AV-8B in USMC service, the Harrier II remains operational thanks to its unique V/STOL abilities and recent upgrades. There is ongoing discussion in the U.S. defense sector about funding a new advanced targeting infrared system, which would further enhance the platform's ability to conduct precision strikes in both day and night conditions.

International operators are also considering further modernization or replacement plans as their Harrier fleets approach the end of their service life.

Conclusion: Legacy of a Versatile Combat Aircraft

The AV-8B Harrier II has cemented its place as one of the most flexible and distinctive fighters in modern military aviation. Its V/STOL capabilities, combat-proven performance, and extensive upgrade path have enabled it to serve with distinction across various branches and nations. Whether in the skies over the Gulf War, defending naval fleets, or training the next generation of aviators, the Harrier II continues to be a formidable force multiplier in any theater of operations.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What is the AV-8B Harrier II used for?

The AV-8B Harrier II is primarily used for close air support, reconnaissance, and interdiction missions. Its V/STOL capabilities make it ideal for amphibious assault ship operations and forward-deployed bases where traditional runways are unavailable.

How does the AV-8B Harrier II take off and land vertically?

The Harrier II uses a Pegasus turbofan engine with vectoring nozzles that redirect thrust downward, allowing for vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL). This makes it one of the few operational jet fighters with V/STOL capability.

What is the difference between the AV-8B and the AV-8B Plus?

The AV-8B Plus is an upgraded variant featuring the APG-65 multi-mode radar, improved avionics, night-attack capabilities, and compatibility with modern munitions like JDAMs and AMRAAM missiles.

Which countries operate the AV-8B Harrier II?

The AV-8B is operated by the United States Marine Corps, the Spanish Navy, and the Italian Navy, primarily for fleet defense, air support, and carrier-based missions.

Can the AV-8B Harrier II carry modern weapons?

Yes, the Harrier II is compatible with a range of modern weapons, including JDAMs, laser-guided bombs, Maverick missiles, and AIM-120 AMRAAM for beyond-visual-range air combat.

When was the AV-8B Harrier II introduced into service?

The AV-8B entered service with the US Marine Corps in 1984 and has since seen action in multiple conflicts, including the 1991 Gulf War and operations in the Middle East.

Is the AV-8B Harrier II being replaced?

Yes, the F-35B Lightning II is gradually replacing the AV-8B in USMC service. However, due to its unique operational capabilities, the Harrier II remains in active use with upgrades extending its service life.