Sukhoi Su-24 Fencer: Russia’s Iconic All-Weather Tactical Bomber
The Sukhoi Su-24 Fencer stands as one of Russia’s most prominent all-weather tactical bombers, designed for precision low-level strike missions. Since its inception during the Cold War, the Su-24 has played a significant role in the air forces of Russia and former Soviet allies, thanks to its unique variable-sweep wing design, robust payload capacity, and advanced (for its time) avionics systems.
Sukhoi Su-24 Fencer Specifications
| General Information | |
|---|---|
| Country of Origin | Soviet Union |
| Entered Service | 1973 |
| Crew | 2 men |
| Dimensions and Weight | |
| Length | 22.59 m |
| Wing Span | 17.64 m (spread), 10.37 m (swept) |
| Height | 6.19 m |
| Weight (Empty) | 22.3 t |
| Weight (Max Takeoff) | 36 t |
| Engines and Performance | |
| Engines | 2 x Perm / Sploviev AL-21F-3A turbojets |
| Thrust (with Afterburner) | 2 x 109.83 kN |
| Maximum Speed | 1,320 km/h |
| Service Ceiling | 17 km |
| Combat Radius | 560 – 1,250 km |
| Ferry Range | 2,775 km |
| Armament | |
| Cannon | 1 x 23 mm cannon |
| Missiles |
Kh-23, Kh-25ML, Kh-29L/T, Kh-59, Kh-59M (air-to-surface) Kh-25MP, Kh-31P, Kh-29MP, Kh-58 (anti-radar) Kh-31A, Kh-35 (anti-ship) R-60 (air-to-air) |
| Bombs | TN-1000, TN-1200 nuclear bombs; KAB-500Kr laser-guided bombs |
Design and Configuration: A Technological Leap
Built with a variable geometry (swing-wing) configuration and side-by-side cockpit layout, the Su-24 was engineered for superior low-level penetration into enemy territory. Although often compared to the American F-111 Aardvark due to similar design features, the Su-24 was never intended for strategic bombing missions. Instead, it finds its closest NATO equivalent in the Tornado IDS, serving as a dedicated strike and interdiction aircraft.
Development Origins: The Birth of a Battlefield Bomber
Development of the Su-24 began in the early 1960s to replace the aging Yak-28 in tactical strike roles. Initial concepts were based on an enlarged Su-7 design with a tandem cockpit. However, the project shifted course toward the T6 compound delta configuration, which briefly included vertically mounted lift jets for short takeoff and landing (STOL) capabilities. Due to the added weight and complexity, the lift jet concept was scrapped within six months, leading to the more refined T-6-21G prototype.
Maiden Flight and Production Milestones
The T-6-21G incorporated a variable-sweep wing to enhance takeoff and landing performance and increased fuel and weapons capacity. The aircraft first took to the skies in May 1970 and entered production shortly after. Officially designated the Su-24, it joined Soviet front-line service in 1973. Initial deployments included units stationed in East Germany and Poland, and the aircraft was actively used during the Soviet-Afghan War starting in 1984.
Combat Performance and Versatility
Armed with up to 8,000 kg of ordnance (though typically loaded with 4,000 kg for operational missions), the Su-24 was capable of delivering both conventional and nuclear weapons. Its arsenal included TN-1000 and TN-1200 nuclear bombs, unguided bombs, rockets, and precision-guided air-to-surface missiles. Designed for supersonic speeds and high-speed low-altitude penetration, the Fencer was also configured for secondary roles such as photographic reconnaissance and electronic warfare.
Su-24 Variants: Evolution Through Innovation
Su-24 (Fencer-A to C) – Original Configuration
The early Su-24 models featured limited but effective avionics. Although the airframe was fast and stable at low altitudes, its electronics lagged behind those of its Western counterparts. As a result, while the platform was rugged and reliable, it struggled with targeting precision and navigation reliability in earlier configurations.
Su-24M (Fencer-D) – Enhanced Strike Capability
Introduced in 1986, the Su-24M marked a significant leap in technology. This upgraded version came with the Orion-A forward-looking radar, Relief terrain-following radar, and the Kaira-24 laser/TV targeting system. These improvements allowed compatibility with precision-guided munitions (PGMs), greatly enhancing strike accuracy. Additionally, the Su-24M was equipped with a retractable refueling probe and could carry a buddy refueling pod, improving operational range.
Su-24MR (Fencer-E) – Tactical Reconnaissance Specialist
The Su-24MR, introduced in 1983, was dedicated to tactical reconnaissance. It replaced strike avionics with side-looking airborne radar, infrared sensors, panoramic cameras, and podded equipment. Though it lacked offensive capability, it could defend itself with two R-60 (AA-8 Aphid) air-to-air missiles. Data gathered by its sensors could be transmitted in real time to ground control stations. Over 100 Su-24MRs were built before production ceased in 1993.
Su-24MP (Fencer-F) – ELINT and Electronic Warfare
A more niche variant, the Su-24MP was tailored for electronic intelligence (ELINT) and electronic warfare (EW) missions. Like the MR variant, it was developed in the early 1980s and equipped with signal intelligence and ECM (electronic countermeasure) pods. Armed with a cannon and up to four R-60 missiles for self-defense, only around 10 to 20 units of this model were ever produced due to its specialized role.
Production Numbers and Export Market
In total, between 900 and 1,200 Su-24s were built, with at least 670 confirmed units. Many remain operational today across Russia and other former Soviet states. An export variant, the Su-24MK, was sold to several countries, including Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Libya, and Syria. These models were downgraded and lacked nuclear strike capability.
Su-34: The Modern Replacement
Russia has begun replacing the Su-24 fleet with the Su-34 Fullback, a long-range strike aircraft based on the Su-27 Flanker airframe. The Su-34 offers advanced avionics, improved survivability, and multi-role functionality. However, modernization programs have extended the service life of the Su-24, with upgraded units now designated as Su-24M2. These enhancements focus on improved navigation systems, targeting precision, and survivability in contested environments.
Operational Legacy and Modern Role
Despite its age, the Su-24 continues to operate in various capacities, particularly within the Russian Aerospace Forces. The aircraft’s ruggedness and payload flexibility make it a reliable platform for high-intensity conflicts and precision strikes. It has been used in modern conflicts, including the Syrian Civil War, where it has delivered both conventional and guided munitions.
Conclusion: Enduring Power of the Su-24
The Sukhoi Su-24 Fencer remains a symbol of Soviet-era engineering that has proven remarkably durable in modern warfare. Its innovative design, multi-role adaptability, and successive upgrades have kept it in front-line service for over five decades. While the Su-34 gradually takes over its missions, the Su-24’s influence on tactical aviation and strike capability continues to shape Russian military doctrine well into the 21st century.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What is the Sukhoi Su-24 Fencer used for?
How does the Su-24 compare to the American F-111?
What are the main variants of the Su-24?
Su-24M: Improved strike version with upgraded avionics.
Su-24MR: Reconnaissance variant without attack capabilities.
Su-24MP: Electronic warfare and ELINT version.
Each variant serves a specific role, from tactical bombing to intelligence gathering.
What kind of weapons can the Su-24 carry?
- Free-fall bombs (conventional and nuclear)
- Air-to-surface missiles
- Rockets
- Guided munitions (PGMs)
It can also be equipped with R-60 air-to-air missiles for self-defense.
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