AH-64D Longbow Apache: America’s High-Tech Attack Helicopter
In the late 1980s, the United States Army initiated a comprehensive upgrade program for its AH-64A Apache fleet. This modernization effort laid the foundation for one of the most formidable attack helicopters in the world — the AH-64D Longbow Apache. Featuring significant advancements in radar, weapons, avionics, and battlefield management, the AH-64D represents a leap in capability over its predecessors.
AH-64D Longbow Apache Specifications
| Country of Origin | United States |
|---|---|
| Entered Service | 1995 |
| Crew | 2 men |
| Dimensions and Weight | |
| Length | 14.97 m |
| Main Rotor Diameter | 14.63 m |
| Height | 4.9 m |
| Weight (Empty) | 5.3 t |
| Weight (Max Takeoff) | 9.5 t |
| Engines and Performance | |
| Engines | 2 × General Electric T700-GE-701C turboshafts |
| Engine Power | 2 × 1,800 shp |
| Maximum Speed | 265 km/h |
| Service Ceiling | 5.9 km |
| Range | 407 km |
| Armament | |
| Cannon | 1 × 30 mm M230 cannon |
| Missiles | 16 × AGM-114L Hellfire II anti-tank missiles, 4 × AIM-92 Stinger, or 4 × Mistral, or 2 × AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, or 2 × AGM-122 Sidearm anti-radiation missiles |
| Other | 19-shot pods with Hydra 70 unguided rockets |
Development of the AH-64D Longbow Apache
The cornerstone of the AH-64D's enhancement is the integration of the Northrop Grumman APG-78 Longbow millimeter-wave fire-control radar, which works in tandem with AGM-114L Hellfire II missiles. In 1992, McDonnell Douglas converted four AH-64As as prototypes to test the new radar system under the designation AH-64D.
Earlier interim designations such as AH-64B and AH-64C were eventually abandoned, and the upgraded helicopter became known officially as the AH-64D Apache, marking the second operational variant of the Apache line.
Longbow Radar: A Game-Changer in Combat Operations
A key visual identifier of the Longbow Apache is its mast-mounted radar dome above the main rotor. This configuration provides several tactical advantages:
- Autonomous Target Engagement: Unlike the laser-guided Hellfire, which requires external targeting via the TADS (Target Acquisition and Designation System), the AGM-114L can be launched in a true fire-and-forget mode.
- All-Weather Targeting Capability: The APG-78 radar pierces through fog, smoke, and battlefield obscurants, outperforming traditional infrared and TV-based sensors.
- Multi-Target Engagement: The radar can detect, identify, and prioritize up to 12 targets simultaneously, significantly improving situational awareness and engagement efficiency.
AH-64D Apache's Upgraded Systems and Design Enhancements
The AH-64D brings a host of improvements over its AH-64A predecessor, including:
- Advanced Targeting and Navigation: Enhanced avionics allow for better situational awareness and combat coordination.
- Expanded Forward Avionics Bay: This additional space accommodates modernized electronics and systems.
- Extended Landing Gear Fairings: Modified to house extra mission-critical equipment.
- Upgraded Communication and Battle Management Systems: Improved interoperability and mission coordination.
Armament: Powerful Arsenal for Multiple Threats
The AH-64D Longbow Apache is a true multi-role attack platform with a versatile array of weapon systems:
- 16 AGM-114L Hellfire II Missiles: Optimized for anti-tank and hardened target destruction.
- 2 AGM-122 Sidearm Missiles: These air-to-ground anti-radiation missiles are used to neutralize enemy radar and air defense systems.
- Air-to-Air Capabilities: For self-defense, the Apache can carry:
- 4 AIM-92 Stinger Missiles
- 4 Mistral Missiles
- 2 AIM-9 Sidewinder Missiles
This range of armament allows the Longbow Apache to engage a variety of targets, from ground armor to enemy helicopters and air defense units.
Operational Deployment and Global Users
Though the AH-64D Apache entered service in 1995, initial aircraft did not include the Longbow radar. It wasn't until 1997 that fully equipped Longbow variants became operational. In 1999, the U.S. Army committed to upgrading 530 AH-64A helicopters to AH-64D standard, procuring 500 Longbow radar systems. The remaining 218 AH-64As were transferred to the Air National Guard to replace aging AH-1 Cobras.
International operators of the AH-64D include:
- Israel
- The Netherlands
- United Kingdom – where the AH-64D is built under license by Westland and designated WAH-64D for the British Army.
AH-64E Apache Guardian: The Next Evolution
The most recent upgrade of the Apache line is the AH-64E Apache Guardian, initially known as AH-64D Block III until its renaming in 2012. This version includes substantial performance and capability enhancements:
- More Powerful Engines and Upgraded Transmission
- Improved Flight Performance and Maneuverability
- Enhanced Digital Networking Capabilities
- Potential Integration of Modernized Longbow Radar
The U.S. Army has approved the upgrade of 634 AH-64D helicopters to the AH-64E configuration, with deliveries beginning in 2011.
Export Success of the AH-64E
The AH-64E has attracted several international buyers, underlining its reliability and combat effectiveness. Notable customers include:
- Saudi Arabia
- Taiwan
- India – 22 units ordered
- Indonesia – 8 units
- Iraq – 24 units
- South Korea – 36 units
Conclusion: A Dominant Force on the Modern Battlefield
The AH-64D Longbow Apache, and its successor the AH-64E Apache Guardian, stand as pinnacles of attack helicopter technology. With unmatched radar capabilities, diversified weapon systems, and worldwide deployment, the Apache remains a crucial component of modern military operations. As new threats and warfare technologies evolve, the Apache's modularity and upgrade potential ensure its place in the sky for decades to come.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What makes the AH-64D Longbow Apache different from the AH-64A?
The AH-64D features a Longbow radar system, enhanced avionics, improved targeting systems, and expanded weapons capabilities compared to the AH-64A.
What is the function of the Longbow radar?
The APG-78 Longbow radar provides fire-and-forget targeting, can penetrate fog and smoke, and allows simultaneous tracking of up to 12 targets.
Can the AH-64D engage aerial threats?
Yes, it can be equipped with AIM-92 Stinger, Mistral, or AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles to defend against enemy helicopters and aircraft.
How many Hellfire missiles can the AH-64D carry?
It can carry up to 16 AGM-114L Hellfire II missiles for anti-tank missions.
Which countries operate the AH-64D Apache?
Operators include the U.S., Israel, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom (as the WAH-64D).
What is the AH-64E Apache Guardian?
The AH-64E is the latest variant of the Apache, featuring more powerful engines, upgraded electronics, and improved radar systems.
Is the Apache Guardian exported to other countries?
Yes, it has been sold to nations such as India, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Iraq, South Korea, and Indonesia.
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